Predicting the future of liver-safe drugs
Researchers from Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) in collaboration with Takeda-CiRA program and other international institutions have developed a Polygenic Risk Score to help predict drug-induced liver injury, validated by patients’ genomic data, cell cultures and organoids
Color-stained confocal microscope image of multiple liver organoids used in this study
Green: Bile acid, Red: PI, Blue: ROS in human liver organoids
Tokyo, Japan – The ancient Romans studied the livers of sacrificial animals to read omens and make prophesies. Now researchers at Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) and Takeda-CiRA program along with a world-wide team of collaborators, have devised a polygenic risk score (PRS) based on liver genomics that can predict the likelihood of medications causing liver damage.
Introducing new drugs is a demanding process. Pharmaceutical research continually proffers potential drugs that need to be clinically trialed. These candidates are often more efficacious, but may have unacceptable or unsuspected side-effects. Unfortunately, adverse outcomes often require termination of new drug trials, and even drugs in common use may show a cumulated trend of undesired effects hitherto unpredicted; identifying patients at risk can greatly reduce this.
The liver is the primary site where most drugs, indeed any foreign potentially toxic chemical, is metabolized into an inactive form for excretion by the body. As a “frontliner”, it bears the brunt of most adverse effects that manifest as hepatocyte injury. Indeed, drug-induced-liver-injury (DILI) is the main reason why drugs are withdrawn at different stages of development, trial and usage, often after significant, and avoidable, morbidity and expense.
“We formulated our risk score by mathematically analyzing previous genome-wide association studies that had flagged variants likely to predict susceptibility to DILI,” explains Masaru Koido, lead author. “We validated it across a spectrum of potentially hepatotoxic drugs, on genomic data, primary hepatocyte cultures and organoids from multiple donors. Noteworthy was our use of organoids—mini-organs bioengineered from three-dimensional tissue cultures derived from stem cells that replicate their microanatomy and functional complexity.”
The researchers also analyzed the derived scores to delineate pathways underlying susceptibility to DILI. From the data they inferred that genetic variation at the hepatocyte level contributed to DILI susceptibility; moreover, DILI predictivity was shared across a variety of discrete drugs suggesting that the PRS related to intracellular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity.
“Our “polygenicity-in-a-dish” strategy allows safe, specific and multidimensional investigation into the pathogenesis of DILI,” explains senior author Takanori Takebe. “A genetic test score will enable clinicians to tailor medication choice, dosage, and monitoring based on the patient’s estimated risk. Furthermore, drug trials could be made safer and better focused by excluding vulnerable subjects. However, further research is needed to upscale our PRS into a valid and reliable instrument for widespread screening of novel pharmaceuticals in clinical practice.
Introducing new drugs is a demanding process. Pharmaceutical research continually proffers potential drugs that need to be clinically trialed. These candidates are often more efficacious, but may have unacceptable or unsuspected side-effects. Unfortunately, adverse outcomes often require termination of new drug trials, and even drugs in common use may show a cumulated trend of undesired effects hitherto unpredicted; identifying patients at risk can greatly reduce this.
The liver is the primary site where most drugs, indeed any foreign potentially toxic chemical, is metabolized into an inactive form for excretion by the body. As a “frontliner”, it bears the brunt of most adverse effects that manifest as hepatocyte injury. Indeed, drug-induced-liver-injury (DILI) is the main reason why drugs are withdrawn at different stages of development, trial and usage, often after significant, and avoidable, morbidity and expense.
“We formulated our risk score by mathematically analyzing previous genome-wide association studies that had flagged variants likely to predict susceptibility to DILI,” explains Masaru Koido, lead author. “We validated it across a spectrum of potentially hepatotoxic drugs, on genomic data, primary hepatocyte cultures and organoids from multiple donors. Noteworthy was our use of organoids—mini-organs bioengineered from three-dimensional tissue cultures derived from stem cells that replicate their microanatomy and functional complexity.”
The researchers also analyzed the derived scores to delineate pathways underlying susceptibility to DILI. From the data they inferred that genetic variation at the hepatocyte level contributed to DILI susceptibility; moreover, DILI predictivity was shared across a variety of discrete drugs suggesting that the PRS related to intracellular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity.
“Our “polygenicity-in-a-dish” strategy allows safe, specific and multidimensional investigation into the pathogenesis of DILI,” explains senior author Takanori Takebe. “A genetic test score will enable clinicians to tailor medication choice, dosage, and monitoring based on the patient’s estimated risk. Furthermore, drug trials could be made safer and better focused by excluding vulnerable subjects. However, further research is needed to upscale our PRS into a valid and reliable instrument for widespread screening of novel pharmaceuticals in clinical practice.
Illustration of "polygenicity in a dish" strategy
Genotyped human liver organoids will be tested to determine patients’ precision against drug induced effects.
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The article, “Polygenic architecture informs potential vulnerability to drug-induced liver injury” was published in Nature Medicine at DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1023-0
The article, “Polygenic architecture informs potential vulnerability to drug-induced liver injury” was published in Nature Medicine at DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1023-0
Summary
Researchers at Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) working with an international team have developed a Polygenic Risk Score using previous genomic studies that may help predict drug-induced liver injury. This score was validated on genomic data, cell cultures and organoids for several potentially hepatotoxic drugs, and may inform a screening test that can predict adverse responses both to approved medications in clinical practice as well as to drug candidates in preliminary experimental trials.
Correspondence to
Takanori TAKEBE, Professor
Institute of Research, Division of Advanced Research
Tokyo Medical and Dental University(TMDU)
E-mail:ttakebe.ior(at)tmd.ac.jp
＊Please change (at) in e-mail addresses to @ on sending your e-mail to contact personnels.
Institute of Research, Division of Advanced Research
Tokyo Medical and Dental University(TMDU)
E-mail:ttakebe.ior(at)tmd.ac.jp
＊Please change (at) in e-mail addresses to @ on sending your e-mail to contact personnels.