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²Ä»»Ì¾»ì¡§ ÉáÄÌ̾»ì ñ¿ô¤ÈÊ£¿ô
a) ¿¤¯¤Î̾»ì¤Ïñ¿ô¤Ë 's' ¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ÆÊ£¿ô¤òºî¤ë¡£
b) 's' ²» (s, z, ch, sh, x) ½ª¤ï¤ë̾»ì¤Ï¡¢È¯²»¤ÎÊص¹¾å "es" ¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ë¡£
"es" ¤Ï¡¢ÆÈΩ¤Î²»Àá¤È¤·¤Æȯ²»¤¹¤ë¡£ Î㡧
one church, two churches; one box, tow boxes.
c) ¾¯¿ô¤Î̾»ì¤Ï¡¢ÆÃÊ̤ÎÊ£¿ô·Á¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£
men(man), feet(foot) women(women)¡¢teeth(tooth)¡¢ chil-
dren(child)¡¢ mice (mouse).
d) »Ò²»¡Ü"y" ¤Ç¤ª¤ï¤ë»þ¤Ï¡¢"y" ¤ò "i" ¤Ë¤«¤¨¡¢"es" ¤ò¤Ä¤±¡¢Ê£¿ô¤òºî¤ë¡£
city, cities; lady, ladies
e) Êì²»¡Ü"y" ¤Ç¤ª¤ï¤ë¤È¤¡¢Ã±¤Ë "s" ¤È¤Ä¤±¤ë¡£
key, keys; monkey,monkeys
f) "f"¡¿"fe" ¤Ç¤ª¤ï¤ë»þ¡¢"f" ¤ò "v" ¤ËÊѤ¨¡¢"s"¡¿"es" ¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ë¡£
leaf, leaves¡¨ wife, wives
g) ¸ìÈø "o" ¤Î»þ¡¢Ã±¤Ë "s" ¤È¤Ä¤±¤ÆÊ£¿ô¤òºî¤ë¡£¾¯¿ô̾»ì¤Ï¡¢"es" ¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ë¡£
potato, potatoes; tomato, tomatoes.
²Ä»»Ì¾»ì¡§ ½¸¹ç̾»ì
ñ¿ô¤Ï¡¢Á´ÂΤò¶¯Ä´¡£Ê£¿ô¤Ï¡¢¹½À®°÷¡¢¹½À®Êª¤ò¶¯Ä´¡£
This class is for foreign students.
The whole class were deeply inpressed by his speech.
The audience was rather small.
The audience were excited by his speech.
-------Ê£¿ô¤Î¤ß------
The plice are investigating the case.
There were several people on the street.
½ã¿è²Ä»»Ì¾»ì¡ÊÉԲĻ»É½¸½¡Ë
tube ¢ª tubing
machine ¢ª machinery
act ¢ª action ¡Ê£±²ó¤Î¹ÔÆ°¡áact¤Î¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤ë¡Ë
²Ä»»Ì¾»ì ¢ª ÉԲĻ»Ì¾»ì²½
¡Ãê¾Ý̾»ì²½¡Ê½Ï¸ì¿¤·¡Ë
a school ¢ª go to school ¡Ê³Ø½¬¡Ë
a church ¢ª go to church ¡ÊÎéÇÒ¡Ë
a bed ¢ª go to bed ¡Ê½¢¿²¡Ë
¢Êª¼Á̾»ì²½
a checken ¢ª checken ·Ü ¢ª ·Ü¤ÎÆù
£¸ÇÍ̾»ì²½¡Ê̵´§»ì²½¡Ë
(a)¿Í̾¤Ë¤è¤ë½¤¾þ¡§
John's book President Eisenhower's speech.
(b) ½êÍÂå̾»ì¤Ë¤è¤ë½¤¾þ
his hat my book
(c) ¤½¤Î¾:
uncle, father, mother, ²È² ¿Æ²
Captuim Smith, Professor Nogata ¿¦¡¢¾Î¹æ
Next Sunday, lest Saturday ½¬´·
Contents, Intoroduction, ɸ½à¡¢·Ç¼¨
Wayout û½Ì¤òÍפ¹¤ë¸ì¶ç
½ã¿èÉԲĻ»Ì¾»ì¡Ê²Ä»»É½¸½¡Ë
1¡Ë information ¢ª a bit of information
2¡Ë equipment
3¡Ë knowledge
4¡Ë evidence
5¡Ë advice
6¡Ë encouragement
7¡Ë assistance
8¡Ë help
9¡Ë health
10¡Ë dependence
11¡Ë precipitation
ÉԲĻ»Ì¾»ì¡§ ¸ÇÍ̾»ì
(1) ¿Í¡¢¹ñ¡¢³¹Ï©¡¢»Ô¡¢Ä®¤Î̾Á°¤ò¡¢Ã±ÆȤǸÇÍ̾»ì¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤¦»þ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢´§»ì
¤Ï¤Ä¤«¤Ê¤¤¡£Î㡧
I live in New York City on the corner of Broadway and 76th St.
I heard that Mr. Smith was going to Russia, England, and France.
(2) ¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¸ÇÍ̾»ì¤¬ ¾¤Î̾»ì¤ò½¤¾þ¤¹¤ë·ÁÍÆ»ì¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤¦»þ¤Ï¡¢
´§»ì¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ë¡£Î㡧
Mexico has a warm climate. Chicago is a large city.
The Mexican climate is warm. The Chicago fire was a large one.
(3) ¤µ¤é¤Ë¡¢¸ÇÍ̾»ì¤¬¡¢Â礤¯Å»¤Þ¤Ã¤¿²Ï¡¢³¤¡¢»³Ì®¡¢¹ñÅù¤Î¹½À®°÷¡Êʪ¡Ë
¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢¤½¤ì¤é¤òÆÃÄꤹ¤ëµ¡Ç½¤ò¤â¤Ä»þ¡¢ Äê´§»ì¤¬¤Ä¤¯¡£
The Mississippi River, the Ural Mountains, the Paciffic Ocean,
the United States, the Soviet Uinon, the Dominican Republic etc.
ÉԲĻ»Ì¾»ì ¢ª ²Ä»»Ì¾»ì²½
¡Ãê¾Ý̾»ì¤Î²Ä»»²½
¨£¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¤ ¨£¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¤
¨¢¾õÂÖ state ¨¢ ¨¢¼êÃÊ means ¨¢
¨¢¼Á quality ¨¢ ¨¢µ¡´Ø an agency ¨¢
¨¢¾ò·ï condition¨¢ ¨¢Æ»¶ñ instrument¨¢
¨¢ ÄøÅÙ degree ¨¢ ¨¡¢ª ¨¢ ¨¢
¨§¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨© ¨§¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨©
¨¢¹Ô°Ù act ¨¢ ¨¢¶ñÂÎÎã instance ¨¢
¨¢ºî¶È action ¨¢ ¨¢»öÎã case ¨¢
¨¢¸½¾Ý ¨¢ ¨¢»ºÊª product ¨¢
¨¢²áÄø process ¨¢ ¨¢·ë²Ìʪ result ¨¢
¨¦¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¥ ¨¦¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¥
¶ñÂÎÎã¡Êinstance¡Ë¡§ Thank you for your kindnesses
»öÎã¡Êcase¡Ë¡§ There were three deaths
·ë²Ìʪ¡§ a correction ½¤Àµ¡¢improvements ²þÎÉÅÀ
ÉԲĻ»Ì¾»ì ¢ª ²Ä»»Ì¾»ì²½¡Ê³¤¡Ë
¢Êª¼Á̾»ì¤Î²Ä»»Ì¾»ì²½
¢¡¼ïÎà¤òɽ¤¹¤È¤
he is good critic - of cheep wines
¢¡ºî¡ÊÀ½¡ËÉÊ¡¦¸Ä¡¹¤Î¤â¤Î¤ò¤µ¤¹
how many papers do you takes? ¿·Ê¹
Three coffees, please ¥³¡¼¥Ò¡¼£³¥Ð¥¤
£¸ÇÍ̾»ì¤Î²Ä»»Ì¾»ì²½
¢¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¿Í
He is a Newton of our day.
¢¡¤È¤¤¤¦¿Í
There is a Mr.lto wants te see you
¢¡¤È¤¤¤¦À½ÉÊ¡¦Æûº
She bought a hoover at supermarket.
ÉԲĻ»Ì¾»ì ¢ª Ⱦ²Ä»»Ì¾»ì²½
ÉԲĻ»Ì¾»ì¤¬Ê£¿ô¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤¬´§»ì£á¤ò¤È¤ë¾ì¹ç
knowledge Ãμ± ¢ª a good knowledge
memory µ²± ¢ª a short memory
-MENT¡§ [¦Ô ¢ª n]
1¡Ë[u] the state, condition, or degree of ¡Ý ¾õÂÖ¡¢¾ò·ï¡¢ÄøÅÙ
disappointment
2¡Ë[u] the act, process, or art of ¡Ý ¹Ô°Ù¡¢²áÄø¡¢µ»Ë¡
measurement
movement
3¡Ë[c] a means, agency, instrument of ¡Ý ¼êÃÊ¡¢µ¡´Ø¡¢Æ»¶ñ
a adornment
a escapement
4¡Ë[c] product or case of ¡Ý À½ÉÊ¡¢°ìÎã
a improvement
a pavement
-ion
1) [u] the state or condition of ¡Ý ¾õÂÖ¡¢¾ò·ï
elation = euphoria
2) [u] the action (act) of ¡Ý ¹Ô°Ù
translation
condemnation
correction ¡Ê½¤Àµ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¡Ë
3) [c] the product of or result of ¡Ý À½ÉÊ¡¤·ë²Ìʪ
a conscription
a correction ¡Ê½¤ÀµÊª¡Ë
4) [c] a case of ¡Ý £±Îã
a ramification
a observations
¡Ýence
1 ¦Ô¢ªn [u] state, quality, degree of being ¡Ý¾õÂÖ¡¢¼Á¡¢ÄøÅÙ
excellence
2 ¦Ô¢ªn [u] action, act of ¡Ý ¹Ô°Ù¡¢ºî¶È
conference ²ñµÄ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È
3 ¦Ô¢ªn [c] case, instance of ¡Ý £±Îã¡¢Îã
a conference ²ñµÄ
-ing
1) ¦Ô¢ªn[U] the action of- ¹Ô°Ù¡¢ºî¶È¡¢²áÄø
She hates swimming.
No Parking (on a notice)
talking
digging
2) ¦Ô¢ªn[U; C] something used for, or used for making-¸¶ÎÁ¡¢ºàÎÁ
10 yards of shirting
a silk lining
3) ¦Ô¢ªn [C] a product or result of- ·ë²Ìʪ¡¢À¸»ºÊª
to spend one's earnings
a beautiful painting
4) ¦Ô¢ªn [C] a case or something that does- £±Îã
to hold a meeting
a covering for her head
´§»ì a (one)¡¢ the (that)
¨£¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¨¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¤
¨¢ ²Ä»»Ì¾»ì ¨¢ ñ¿ô a £±¤Ä¤Î ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ the ¸ÂÄê ¨¢
¨¢ ¨§¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨©
¨¢ ¨¢ Ê£¿ô ¡Ý ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ the ¸ÂÄê ¨¢
¨¢ ¨§¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨©
¨¢ ÉԲĻ»Ì¾»ì ¨¢ ñ¿ô ¡Ý ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ the ¸ÂÄê ¨¢
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(1) ÉÔÄê´§»ì¤ÈÄê´§»ì¤Î´ðËÜŪ¤Ê°ã¤¤¤òÍý²ò¤»¤è¡£ Î㡧
A book is on the table.
The book which I am reading is very interesting.
(2) Âè°ì¤Îʸ¤Ç¤ÏÉÔÄê´§»ì¤¬ book ¤ÎÁ°¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¤ÏÆÃÄê¤ÎËܤò»Ø
¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤«¤é¡£¤½¤ì¤Ï°ìÈÌŪ¤ÊËܤǤ¢¤ë¡£ ¤½¤ì¤ÏÂ礤¤Ëܤ«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤·¡¢
Îò»Ë¤ÎËܤ«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¤³¤È¤òÆÃÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£¤½¤ì¤Ï¡¢Ã±¤Ë°ìÈÌ
Ū¤ÊËܤǤ¢¤ë¡£
(3) ÂèÆó¤Îʸ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ÆÃÄê¤ÎËܤò»ØÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¤Ï·è¤Þ¤Ã¤¿ËܤǤ¢¤ë¡£ ¤¹¤Ê
¤ï¤Á¸½¤Ë»ä¤¬º£Æɤó¤Ç¤¤¤ëËܤǤ¢¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¤Ç¡¢²æ¡¹¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ÎÁ°¤ËÄê´§»ì¤òÉÕ¤±¡¢
¾¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤ÎËܤ«¤é¡Êfrom all other books¡Ë¶èÊ̤¹¤ë¡£
²Ä»»¡ÊÉáÄÌ¡Ë̾»ìÊ£¿ô¤Î´§»ì
(1) Äê´§»ì¤Ï¡¢Ã±¿ô̾»ì¤ÈƱÍͤËÊ£¿ô̾»ì¤â½¤¾þ¡£Î㡧
The book which is on the table belongs to me.
The books which are on the table belong to to me.
(2) ÉÔÄê´§»ì "a" (or "an") ¤ÏÊ£¿ô¤Ç¤ÏÍѤ¤¤Ê¤¤¡£Ê£¿ô̾»ì¤ò°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë»È¤¦¤È
¤¡¢´§»ì¤Ï»È¤ï¤Ê¤¤¡£Î㡧
There is a book on the table. (No particular book).
There are books on the table. (No particular books).
There many books and sevenral magazing on the table.
²Ä»»Ì¾»ì¤Î´§»ì¡§¸ì´¶£³ÂÖ
(1) A tiger is a dangerous animal.
£±Æ¬¤Î¸×¤¬¡ÊÀ¤³¦¤Î¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Î¸×¤òÂåɽ¤·¤Æ¡Ë¶²¤í¤·¤¤Ìܤò¤·¤Æ¥¸¥ã¥ó¥°¥ë¤«
¤é¸½¤ì¤ÆÍè¤ë¡£¡Éa tiger¡É¤Ï¡¢À¤³¦¤Ë¿ô¿¤¯¤¤¤ë¸×¡ÊÊ£¿ô¡Ë¤ÎÃæ¤Î£±Æ¬¤È¤¤¤¦
°ÕÌ£¡£ÉÔÄê´§»ì¤À¤«¤é¡¢¤É¤Î°ìƬ¤«ÆÃÄꤷ¤Ê¤¤¡££±±þ¡¢Âåɽ¤È¤Ê¤ë°ìƬ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
(2)The tiger is a dangerous animal.
ưʪ¿Þ´Õ¤ò·«¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¯¤È¡¢¥È¥é¤ÎÁÞ³¨¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¤½¤Î²¼¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤Ë¤Ô¤Ã¤¿¤ê¡£
Äê´§»ì¤Ç°ìÈ̤òɽ¤¹É½¸½¤Ï¡¢²þ¤Þ¤Ã¤¿´¶¤¸¡¢½ñ¤¸ÀÍÕŪ¡£¹ÖµÁ¤äÀⶵ¤ËÉÑÈˤË
»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£Æü¾ï²ñÏäˤϡ¢¾¯¡¹¹Å¤¤¡£
(3) Tigers are dangerous animal.s
²¿Æ¬¤«¤Î¸×¤¬¶²¤í¤·¤¤Ìܤò¤·¤Æ¥¸¥ã¥ó¥°¥ë¤«¤é¸½¤ì¤Æ¤¯¤ë¡£Ê£¿ô·Á¤Ï¤É¤¦¤·
¤Æ¤âÊ£¿ô¤Î¤â¤Î¤òÏ¢ÁÛ¡£Ê£¿ô¤ÇÁÛÁü¤¹¤ë¤»¤¤¤«¡¢a tiger¤è¤ê¡¢´í¸±À¤ò¤¤¤¯
¤é¤«¥ê¥¢¥ë¤Ë´¶¤¸¤ë¡£¸¶Â§¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢Ê£¿ô·Á¤Ç°ìÈ̤òɽ¤¹É½¸½¤Ï¡¢ºÇ¤âÆü¾ï²ñÏÃ
Ū¡£¤è¤Û¤ÉÆü¾ïŪ¤Ê¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ê¥ó¥°¤ò»ý¤Ã¤¿É½¸½¡£
ÉԲĻ»¡Êʪ¼Á¡¢Ãê¾Ý¡Ë̾»ì¤Î´§»ì
(1) ̾»ì¤¬¤¢¤ëÉÔÆÃÄê¤ÎÎ̤ޤ¿¤Ï¼Á¤ò¼¨¤¹¤È¤¡¢´§»ì¤Ï»È¤ï¤Ê¤¤¡£Îã:
Gold is an important metal.
Honesty is always the best policy.
(2) ÆÃÄê¤ÎÎ̤ޤ¿¤Ï¼Á¤ò¼¨¤¹¤È¤¡¢´§»ì "the" ¤¬Àè¹Ô¤¹¤ë¡£Îã:
The gold in this ring is very old.
The honesty of Mr.Smith is above question.
ÉԲĻ»¡¿²Ä»»Ì¾»ì¤Î´§»ì£³ÂÖ
(1) rain in Spain¡§ ¤â¤Ã¤È¤â°ìÈÌŪ¤Êɽ¸½
Rain tends to fall only very lightly in south central Spain.
(2) a rain in Spain¡§ ¤¢¤ë¼ï¤Î°ìÎã
There was a nice, soft rain last night.
(3) the rain in Spain¡§ ¾¤È¤Á¤¬¤Ã¤¿¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤Æ¸ÂÄê
The rain in England has been rather colder, but the rain in
Spain was unexpectedly warm.
̾»ì¤Î½¤¾þ¡§·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Î¸ÂÄêÍÑË¡
·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Ï¼ç¤È¤·¤Æ̾»ì¤ò½¤¾þ¤¹¤ë¡£
ÂçÉôʬ¤¬ Ž0er, -est, ¤Þ¤¿¤Ïmore, most¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ÆÈæ³Óµé¡¦ºÇ¾åµé¤ò¤Ä¤¯¤ë¡£
¸ÂÄêÍÑË¡ (attributive use) ¤È ½Ò¸ìÍÑË¡ (predicative use) ¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
a beautiful princess in a fine old castle.
He was the most eloquent orator in the country.
Tokyo is larger than New York.
̾»ì¤Î½¤¾þ¡§¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì
¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤Ï¤Ä¤®¤ÎÄ̤ꡣ·ÁÍÆ»ì¤È¤·¤Æ½êͤò¼¨¤¹¡£
I - my it - its
you - your we - our
he - his you - your
she - her they - their
I enjoy my English class.
William enjoys his English class.
̾»ì¤Î½¤¾þ¡§ ̾»ì¤Î·ÁÍÆ»ìŪÍÑË¡
À¼Á¡¢ÆÃħ¤òɽ¸½¤¹¤ë´¶¤¸
¡¦Uneo zoo pandas
¾¤Îưʪ±à¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¾åÌîưʪ±à¤Ë¤¤¤ë¥Ñ¥ó¥À¡£
¡¦a hydwgen atom ¢ª ¸¶»Ò(C)
¿åÁÇ(u) ¢ª ¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¡Ö¿åÁǤΡפȤ¤¤¦·ÁÍÆ»ì
¡¦high energy physics
·ÁÍÆ»ìŪ
¡¦low temperature physics
·ÁÍÆ»ì
̾»ì¤Î½¤¾þ¡§ ½êÍ³Ê POSSESSIVE FORM
(0) ½êͳʤϡֽêÍ´¶¡×¤¬¶¯¤¤¡§
¡¦Ueno zoo's pandas ¾åÌîưʪ±à¤¬½êͤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥Ñ¥ó¥À
(1) ̾»ì¤Î½êͳʤϡ¢Ã±¿ô·Á¤Ë 's ¤ò¤Ä¤±¤Æºî¤ë¡£Î㡧
John's book, the man's car
(2) ̾»ì¤¬Ê£¿ô¤Ç s ¤Ç½ª¤ï¤ë¤È¤¤Ï¡¢apostrophe ¤Î¤ß¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ë¡£Î㡧
The boys' hats the dogs' tails
(3) ½êͳʤϡ¢¿Í¤ª¤è¤Óưʪ¤Ë¤Î¤ß»È¤¦¡§ ÉáÄÌÀ¸¤¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤Ë¤Ï»È¤ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
¤½¤ì¤Ç¡§
"the house's roof" ¤È¤»¤º¡¢"the roof of the house." ¤È¤¹¤ë¡£
"the table's top" ¤È¤»¤º¡¢"the top of the table." ¤È¤¹¤ë¡£
(4) ¹¹¤Ë¡¢Æü¾ï²ñÏäǤϡ¢½êͳʤǽ¤¾þ¤µ¤ì¤ë̾»ì¤¬¡¢ÍưפËλ²ò²Äǽ¤Î¤È¤¡¢
¾Êά¤¹¤ë¡£Îã:
I must go to the dentist's (office).
She likes to shop in Woolworth's (store).
̾»ì¤Î½¤¾þ¡§ ½êÍ³Ê POSSESSIVE FORM ¡Ê³¤¡Ë
¡Ê£µ¡Ë½êÍ³Ê 's ¤ò¿Í¡Ê¹âÅù¡Ëưʪ¤Î¤ß»È¤¦¸¶Â§¤Ï¤¯¤º¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
»þ´Ö¡¢µ÷Î¥¡¢²Á³Ê¤Ë¤Ä¤«¤¦¡£
two months' vacation
with in a stone's throw
five dollar's deft
¤½¤Î¾
Earth's climate (science)
̾»ì¤Î½¤¾þ¡§of
ÃæΩŪ´¶¤¸
¡¦the panda of Uneo zoo
Uneo zoo pandas¡¿ Ueno zoo's pandas ¤ÈÈæ³Ó»²¾È¡£
ÆÃħ ¤ò¶¯Ä´ ½êÍ´¶¶¯
of ¤Î£µ¥¿¥¤¥×¡Ü£³¥¿¥¤¥×
£±¡¥À®¤êΩ¤Á¡Êof - ¤¬ - of ¤òÀ®Î©¤µ¤»¤ë)
ÁǺà boots of spanish leather
¹½À®Í×ÁÇ a pair of gloves
£²¡¥°ÌÃÖ ¡Ý north of the city ¤ÎÊý¤Ë
¢«¢ª in the north of the city
£³¡¥Æ±³Ê¡Ê´Ø·¸¡Ë the continent of Asis
the city of Tokyo (London)
£´¡¥¿§¹ç¡ÊÉôʬ´Ø·¸¡Ë one of his many lover
most of his problems
£µ¡¥À¼Á¡Ê·ÁÍÆ»ì¶ç¡Ë a girl of extraordinary charm
the pearl of great value
£¶¡¥½êÍ the car of my brother
£·¡¥¼ç³Ê the arrival of Tanaka at the court
£¸¡¥ÌÜŪ the picture of Mt.Fuji
Preposition¡ÊÁ°ÃÖ»ì¡Ë
̾»ì¤Þ¤¿¤Ï̾»ìÎà¤ÎÁ°¤ËÃÖ¤¤¤Æ·ÁÍÆ»ì¶ç¡¦Éû»ì¶ç¤ò¤Ä¤¯¤ë¸ì¡£
·ÁÍÆ»ì¶ç¡§ Man is superior to animals in that he can speak.
Éû»ì¶ç¡§ He was given up for dead.¡ÊÈà¤Ï»à¤ó¤À¤â¤Î¤È¤¢¤¤é¤á¤é¤ì¤¿¡Ë
How far is it from here to Chicago?
Á°ÃÖ»ì¤Î¼¡¤ËÃÖ¤«¤ì¤ë¸ì¤òÌÜŪ¸ì¤È¸Æ¤Ö¡£ÌÜŪ¸ì¤ÏÉáÄ̤Ï̾»ì¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÂå̾»ì¡¥
µ¿Ìä»ì¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ëµ¿Ìäʸ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Á°Ãֻ줬µ¿Ìä»ì¤ÈÌ©Àܤ˷ë¤ÓÉÕ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
Under what circumstances did he succeed?
By what means are you going to obtain it?
¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËʬΥ¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£ÉáÄ̤ÏÁ°Ãֻ줬ʸ¤Î½ª¤ï¤ê¤ËÍè¤ë¡§
What is he crying for?¡Ê¤Ê¤¼Èà¤Ïµã¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤«¡Ë
Where did you come from? (¤¢¤Ê¤¿¤Ï¤É¤³¤«¤éÍè¤Þ¤·¤¿¤«¡Ë¡£
Æó½ÅÁ°ÃÖ»ì Double preposition
2¤³¤ÎÁ°Ãֻ줬ʤó¤Ç¡¢°ì¤Ä¤ÎÁ°ÃÖ»ì¤ÎÌòÌܤò¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¡£
I stayed till after dark.¡Ê»ä¤ÏÆüÊë¤ì¤Æ¸å¤Þ¤Ç»Ä¤Ã¤¿¡£¡Ë
He took it out from under the desk.¡ÊÈà¤Ï¤½¤ì¤ò´ù¤Î²¼¤«¤é¼è¤ê½Ð¤·¤¿¡£¡Ë
A voice was heard from among them.¡ÊÈà¤é¤ÎÃ椫¤é¡¢À¼¤¬Ê¹¤³¤¨¤ÆÍ褿¡£¡Ë
Up to that point, everything was all right.¡Ê¤½¤³¤Î¤È¤³¤í¤Þ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢
Ëü»ö¤¦¤Þ¤¯¹Ô¤Ã¤¿¡Ë
He has been living here since before the war.¡ÊÈà¤ÏÀïÁèÁ°¤«¤é¡¢
¤º¤Ã¤È¤³¤³¤Ë½»¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¡£¡Ë
[Ãí]till after dark ¤Î¾ì¹ç, till after ¤òÆó½ÅÁ°ÃÖ»ì¤È¸«¤Ê¤¤¤Ç, till ¤¬
after dark ¤È¤¤¤¦Á°ÃÖ»ì¶ç¤òÌÜŪ¤È¤¹¤ëñ½ãÁ°ÃÖ»ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¢¤ÈÀ⤯³Ø¼Ô¤â¤¢¤ë¡£
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì relative pronoun
Âå̾»ì¤Î°ì¼ï¤Ç¡¢Âå̾»ì¤ÈÀܳ»ì¤ÎƯ¤¤ò·ó¤Í¤ë¸ì¡£
who, which, that, what, as, but ¤¬¼ç¤Ê´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¡£Î㤨¤Ð¡¢
Do you know the man who came here yesterday?
¤È¤¤¤¦Ê¸¤Ç¤Ï¡¢who ¤Ï¡¢the man ¤ò¼õ¤±¤¿Âå̾»ì¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢¸åȾ¤ÎÉôʬ¡Êcame
here yesterday¡Ë¤Î¼ç¸ì¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤â¡¢ the man ¤Ë¤Ä¤Ê¤¬¤ê¡¢¤½¤Î°Õ
Ì£¤ò¸ÂÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡Ö´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¤ËƳ¤«¤ì¤ë·ÁÍÆ»ìÀá¡×¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¸ÂÄꤵ¤ì¤ë¸ì¤ò¤½¤ÎÀè¹Ô»ì¤È¤¤¤¦¡£
Àè¹Ô»ì¤¬¡¢who ¤Ç¤Ï¿Í¡¢
which ¤Ç¤Ï»öʪ¤äưʪ¡¢
that ¤Ç¤Ï¿Í¤Þ¤¿¤Ï»öʪ¡¦Æ°Êª¡£
what ¤Ï¤½¤ì¼«¿È¤ËÀè¹Ô»ì¤ò´Þ¤ó¤À´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¡£
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¡§ £²ÍÑË¡
À©¸ÂÍÑË¡restrictive use
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¤ä´Ø·¸Éû»ì¤¬Æ³¤¯Àá¡Ê´Ø·¸»ìÀárelative clause¡Ë¤¬Àè¹Ô»ì¤òľÀÜ
¸ÂÄꤹ¤ë¡£
This is the dog which bit me.
Where is the book that you bought yesterday?
Do you know the exact time when the accident occurred?
This is the house where the poet was brought up.
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¡§£²ÍÑË¡¡Ê³¤¡Ë
ÈóÀ©¸ÂÍÑË¡ nonrestrictive use
´Ø·¸»ìÀ᤬,Àè¹Ô»ì¤ò´ÖÀÜŪ¤Ë¼õ¤±¤ÆÄɲÃŪ¤ËÀâÌÀ¡£(ά¼°¸ì)¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤Þ¤êÍѤ¤¤Ê¤¤¡£
Ä̾ï´Ø·¸»ì¤ÎÁ°¤Ë¥³¥ó¥Þ¤¬ÃÖ¤«¤ì¤ë¡£Æɤà¤È¤¤ÏµÙ»ß¤È¾å¾ºÄ´¥¤¥ó¥È¥Í¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¡£
¡üÁÞÆþ¶çÍÑË¡¡§
The man, who took off his hat when he saw me, said nothing, but his
wife began to speak to me.
The letter, which I had received from her previous day, contained
nothing important.
¡ü·Ñ³ÍÑË¡(continuative use¡Ë¡§and, but ¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊŽ"Àܡܿ;ÎÂå̾Ž#¤Ëľ¤»¤ë¡£
I couldn't solve the problem, which(=because it ) was very difficult.
At last we got to the village, where(=and there) we took a rest.
Money is like a sixth sense without which you cannot make a com-
plete use of the other five.
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¡§ ³Ê
¿Í¤òɽ¤¹who ¤À¤±¤Ï¡¢´Ø·¸»ìÀá¤ÎÃæ¤Ç²Ì¤¿¤¹Æ¯¤¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ
¼ç³Ê¡Êwho¡Ë, ½êͳʡÊwhose¡Ë, ÌÜŪ³Ê (whom;¡Êά¼°¸ì¡Ëwho)
¤Î£³¤Ä¤Î³Ê¤ò»ý¤Ä¡£
We want a clerk who can speak English. [¼ç³Ê]
Do you remember the girl who(m) we met the other day? [ÌÜŪ¸ì]
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.[½êͳÊ]¡£
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¡§ Á°ÃÖ»ì¤È¤Î´Ø·¸
Á°ÃÖ»ì¤Ï¡¢´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì who, which, what ¤È¤È¤â¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢Àá¤ÎÁ°¤Ë
ÃÖ¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¢½ª¤ï¤ê¤ËÃÖ¤¤¤Æ¤â¤è¤¤¡£
that ¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢É¬¤ºÀá¤Î½ª¤ï¤ê¤ËÃÖ¤¯¡£
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¤¬¾Êά¤µ¤ì¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢Àá¤Î½ª¤ï¤ê¤ËÃÖ¤¯¡£
°Ê²¼¤Îʸ¤Ç¤Ï¸å¤í¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Û¤É³Ê¼°¤Ð¤Ã¤¿¸À¤¤Êý¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£
This is the man I spoke of yesterday.¡Ê¤³¤Á¤é¤¬ºòÆü¤ªÏä·¤·¤¿¿Í¤Ç¤¹¡Ë
= This is the man that I spoke of yesterday.
= This is the man who I spoke of yesterday.
= This is the man whom I spoke of yesterday.
= This is the man of whom I spoke yesterday.
Do you remember the address you sent the letter to?
= Do you remember the address that you sent the letter to?
= Do you remember the address which you sent the letter to?
= Do you remember the address to which you sent the letter
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¡§ Who, Which
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì "which" ¤Ïʪ¤ò»²¾È¤¹¤ë»þ»È¤¦ ¡£ "who" ¤Ï¿Í¤ò»²¾È¤¹¤ë»þ»È¤¦¡£
The magazine which is on the desk is an old one.
The man who called you is in the outer office.
"Which" ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¼ç³Ê¤ÈÌÜŪ³Ê¤ÏƱ·Á¡£
The book which is on the desk is an old one.
The book which you orderedjust arrived.
"Who" ¤Ï¡¢ÌÜŪ³Ê "whom" ¤ò¤â¤Ä¡£ "whom" ¤Ï¡¢Ä¾ÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¡¢´ÖÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¡¢Á°ÃÖ
»ì¤ÎÌÜŪ¸ì¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£
The girl whom you saw is my sister.
The man to whom you spoke is here now.
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¡§ that
that ¤Ï¡¢
¡Ê£±¡Ë¿Í¤ª¤è¤Óʪ¡¦»öÊÁ¤òɽ¤¹Àè¹Ô»ì¤ò¼õ¤±¡¢À©¸ÂÍÑË¡¤À¤±¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
which ¤è¤ê¤Ï¤ä¤ä¡Êά¼°¸ì¡ËŪ¤Ê¸À¤¤Êý¡£
¡Ê£²¡Ëʪ¤òɽ¤¹Àè¹Ô»ì¤Ëall, every, only, single, no, ·ÁÍÆ»ì¤ÎºÇ¾åµé¡¢½ø
¿ô»ì¤Ê¤É¤¬¤Ä¤¯¤È¤Ž$ Àè¹Ô»ì¼«ÂΤ¬ all, ·ÁÍÆ»ì¤ÎºÇ¾åµé¡¢½ø¿ô»ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤
ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ëŽ!
¤·¤«¤·¡¢Àè¹Ô»ì¤¬¿Í¤òɽ¤¹¸ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤Ï who ¤¬ÉáÄÌ¡£
´Ø·¸·ÁÍÆ»ì relative adjective
´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì¤Îwhat, which, whatever, whichever¤¬·ÁÍÆ»ìŪ¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¤È¤
¤Ë´Ø·¸·ÁÍÆ»ì¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë
´Ø·¸Éû»ì relative adverb
Éû»ì¤ÈÀܳ»ì¤ÎƯ¤¤ò·ó¤Í¤ë¸ì¡£
when, where, why, how ¤¬¼ç¡£ whether ¤ä whence ¤¬ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤ë¡£
´Ø·¸Éû»ì¤Ï·ÁÍÆ»ìÀá¤òƳ¤¯¡£¤½¤ÎÀ᤬¸ÂÄꤹ¤ë¸ì¤¬Àè¹Ô»ì¡£
´Ø·¸Éû»ì¤Ï¡¢Àè¹Ô»ì¤Ê¤·¤ÇÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡§
That is why (= the reason why)I can't go.
¡Ê¤½¤ì¤¬»ä¤Î¹Ô¤±¤Ê¤¤Íýͳ¤Ç¤¹¡Ë
¤µ¤é¤Ë¡¢´Ø·¸»ìÀ᤬Àè¹Ô»ì¤ò¸ÂÄꤹ¤ëÀ©¸ÂÍÑË¡¡§
1945 is the year when World War II ended.
¡Ê1945ǯ¤ÏÂèÆó¼¡À¤³¦ÂÐÀï¤Î½ª¤ï¤Ã¤¿Ç¯¤Ç¤¹¡Ë
´Ø·¸»ìÀ᤬Àè¹Ô»ì¤ò¼õ¤±¤Æ¤½¤ì¤òÀâÌÀ¤¹¤ëÈóÀ©¸ÂÍÑË¡¡§
Finally he reached London, where he met an old friend of his.
¡Ê¤È¤¦¤È¤¦Èà¤Ï¥í¥ó¥É¥ó¤ËÅþÃ夷¡¢¤½¤³¤ÇÈà¤Ïµìͧ¤Ë²ñ¤Ã¤¿¡Ë
¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
ñ¿ô¤ÈÊ£¿ô
¨£¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¨¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¨¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¤
¨¢ ¨¢ ñ¿ô ¨¢ Ê£¿ô ¨¢
¨§¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨«¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨«¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨©
¨¢¸«¤¨¤ë¤â¤Î ¨¢»Ø¼¨Âå̾»ì ¨¢ ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ this ¨¢ these ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ that ¨¢ those ¨¢
¨¢ ¨§¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨«¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨©
¨¢ ¨¢ÉÔÄêÂå̾»ì ¨¢ ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ one, same, another ¨¢ ones, all ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ other ¨¢ others ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ each, any ¨¢ little, few, much, many¨¢
¨§¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨«¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨«¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨©
¨¢¸«¤¨¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¨¢¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì ¨¢ ¨¢
¨¢ ¨¢ I, you, he, she, it¨¢ they ¨¢
¨¦¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨ª¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨ª¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¡¨¥
¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ìPERSONAL PRONOUNS
¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤ÎÌÜŪ³Ê¤Ï¼¡¤ÎÄ̤ꡣ
Nominative Objective Nominative Objective
I me we us
you you you you
he him they them
she her
it it
¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤ÎÌÜŪ³Ê¤Ï¡¢Æ°»ì¤ÎľÀÜ¡¢´ÖÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¡¢Á°ÃÖ»ì¤ÎÌÜŪ¸ì¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤¦¡£
I know him well.
He gives her many presents.
I live near them.
ºÆµ¢Âå̾»ì REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
ºÆµ¢Âå̾»ì¤Ï¡§
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves.
(1) ºÆµ¯ÅªÍÑË¡(reflexive use)¡§ ºÆµ¢Åª¤Ë¡¢¼ç¸ì¤òrefer back ¤¹¤ë¡£
The man shot himself.
She burned herelf badly.
(2) ¶¯Ä´ÅªÍÑË¡(Emphatic use) : ʸÃæ¤Î¿Í¤ò¶¯Ä´¤¹¤ë¡£
£Émyself will do the work.
Helen herself will cook the meals.
(3) ´·ÍÑŪÍÑË¡¡Êidiomatic use) : Á°ÃÖ»ì "by," ¤È¤È¤â¤Ë»È¤¤ ¡¢"alone"
¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¡¢"without help" ¤Î°ÕÌ£¤ò¤â¤¿¤¹¡£
She lives by herself in a furnished room.
He prefers to study by himself.
II. Æ°»ì
¡Ê£±¡Ë¸ºß¡¢Æ°¤¡¢¤ò¤¢¤é¤ï¤¹¡£
¡Ê£²¡ËÆ°»ì¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ì¤ò¡Ö½¤¾þ¡¿¸ÂÄê¡×¤¹¤ëÍ×ÁǤòȼ¤¦¡£
¼«Æ°»ì intransitive verb
¾ư»ì transitive verb
¼øÍ¿Æ°»ì dative verb
¼«Æ°»ì intransitive verb
ÌÜŪ¸ì¤ò¤È¤é¤Ê¤¤Æ°»ì¡£´°Á´¼«Æ°»ì(complete ¡Ý¡Ý)¤ÈÉÔ´°Á´¼«Æ°»ì
(incomplete ¡Ý¡Ý)¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Â¿¤¯¤Ï¡¢¤¢¤ë»þ¤Ï´°Á´¼«Æ°»ì¡¢Â¾¤Î»þ¤ÏÉÔ´°Á´¼«Æ°
»ì¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£
´°Á´¼«Æ°»ì¤Ï¡ãS+)V¡ä ¼ç³ÊÊä¸ì¤ò¤È¤é¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¡£
Birds fly.¡ãV¡ä Ä»¤ÏÈô¤Ö
I am here, Mr.Smith. ¡ãV+Éû»ì¡ä ¥¹¥ß¥¹¤µ¤ó¡¢»ä¤Ï¤³¤³¤Ë¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤è
Finally the party arrived at the village.¡ãV+Á°ÃÖ»ì+̾»ì¡ä
ÉÔ´°Á´¼«Æ°»ì¤Ï¡ã(S+)V+C¡ä ¼ç³ÊÊä¸ì¤ò¤È¤ë¤â¤Î¡£
Robert is a student. ¡ãV+C(̾»ì)¡ä ¥í¥Ð¡¼¥È¤Ï³ØÀ¸¤Ç¤¹
It's me. ¡ãV+C(Âå̾»ì)¡ä ¤½¤ì¤Ï»ä¤Ç¤¹
He looks sad. ¡ãV+C(·ÁÍÆ»ì)¡ä Èà¤ÏÈᤷ¤½¤¦¤Ê´é¤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë
She kept crying all day. ¡ãV+C(¸½ºßʬ»ì)¡ä Èà½÷¤Ï°ìÆüÃæµã¤Â³¤±¤¿¡£
ÉÔ´°Á´¼«Æ°»ì¤Î¼ç¤Ê¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ï
be(...¤Ç¤¢¤ë), become(...¤Ë¤Ê¤ë), get(...¤Ë¤Ê¤ë), grow(...¤Ë¤Ê¤ë),
keep(¤º¤Ã¤È...¤¹¤ë), look(...¤Ë¸«¤¨¤ë), prove(...¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤ë),
remain(...¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¤Ç¤¢¤ë), seem(...¤Ë¤ß¤¨¤ë)¤Ê¤É¡£
¾ư»ì transitive verb
ÌÜŪ¸ì¤ò¤È¤ëÆ°»ì¤ò¤¤¤¦¡£
ÌÜŪ³ÊÊä¸ì¤ò¤È¤é¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤ò´°Á´Â¾Æ°»ì(complete transitive verb),ÌÜŪ³ÊÊä
¸ì¤ò¤È¤ë¤â¤Î¤òÉÔ´°Á´Â¾Æ°»ì¤È¸Æ¤Ö¡£
´°Á´Â¾Æ°»ì <(S+)V+O>
Won't you have a cup of coffee?
Ž:Ž0ŽKŽ0¤ò°ìÇÕ¤ª°û¤ß¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¤«
I love you. ¤¢¤Ê¤¿¤ò°¦¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹
Remember to post the letter.
¤½¤Î¼ê»æ¤ò½Ð¤¹¤Î¤ò˺¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ë
They never stopped talking. Èà¤é¤Ï¾¯¤·¤âÏäò¤ä¤á¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿
He promised that he would marry her.
Èà¤ÏÈà½÷¤È·ëº§¤¹¤ë¤ÈÌ󫤷¤¿¡£
ÉÔ´°Á´Â¾Æ°»ì <(S+)V+O+C>
He made his mother happy. Èà¤ÏÊì¿Æ¤ò¹¬Ê¡¤Ë¤·¤¿
He made me go there alone.
Èà¤Ï»ä¤ò¤½¤³¤Ø°ì¿Í¤Ç¹Ô¤«¤»¤¿
I saw him enter the room.
»ä¤ÏÈबÉô²°¤ËÆþ¤ë¤Î¤ò¸«¤¿
She had her hair cut.
Èà½÷¤Ïȱ¤ÎÌÓ¤ò¥«¥Ã¥È¤·¤Æ¤â¤é¤Ã¤¿
The keeps us warm. ÂÀÍۤΤª¤«¤²¤ÇÃȤ«¤¤
They elected him chairman. Èà¤é¤ÏÈà¤òµÄŤËÁª¤ó¤À
ÉÔ´°Á´Â¾Æ°»ì¤Î¼ç¤Ê¤â¤Î¤Ï
believe(...¤¬¡Á¤À¤È¿®¤º¤ë), call(...¤ò¡Á¤È¸Æ¤Ö), elect(...¤ò¡Á¤ËÁª¤Ö),
feel(...¤¬¡Á¤¹¤ë¤Î¤ò´¶¤¸¤ë), get, have(...¤Ë¡Á¤µ¤»¤ë, ¡Á¤ò¤·¤Æ¤â¤é¤¦),
hear(...¤¬¡Á¤¹¤ë¤Î¤òʹ¤¯), keep(...¤ò¡Á¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯), leave(...¤ò¡Á¤Î¤Þ¤Þ
¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯), let(...¤Ë¡Á¤µ¤»¤ë), make(...¤ò¡Á¤Ë¤¹¤ë, ...¤Ë¡Á¤µ¤»¤ë),
see(...¤¬¡Á¤¹¤ë¤Î¤ò¸«¤ë), think(...¤ò¡Á¤È»×¤¦)Åù¡£
¼«Æ°»ì ¤È ¾ư»ì
¿¤¯¤ÎÆ°»ì¤Ï¡¢Î¾·¿¤ò¼è¤ë¡£Ã¢¤·¡¢°ÕÌ£¤Î°Û¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¿¤¤¡£
She always wears blue.
He ware glasses.
Time wears away.
gear has worn down.
¼øÍ¿Æ°»ì dative verb
give, send, bring, tell, write, make, lend, show ¤Ê¤É¤ÎÆ°»ì¤Ï¡¢¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð¡¢
ľÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¤Î³°¡¢¿Í̾¤È¤«¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æɽ¤ï¤µ¤ì¤ë´ÖÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¤ò¤â¤Ä¡£
¤³¤Î´ÖÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¤Ï¡¢¡Ö狼¤Ë¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤Ï狼¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢¤¢¤ë»ö¤ò¤¹¤ë¡×¤³¤È¤òɽ¤ï¤¹¡£
´ÖÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¤Î°ÌÃÖ¡§
´ÖÀÜÌÜŪ¤ËľÀÜÌÜŪ¤¬Â³¤¯»þ¤Ï¡¢Á°ÃÖ»ì "to" ¤« "for" ¤ò»È¤¦¡£Á°ÃÖ»ì¤ò»È¤¦
»þ¤Ï¡¢´ÖÀÜÌÜŪ¤¬Ä¾ÀÜÌÜŪ¤ËÀè¹Ô¤¹¤ë¡£
He sent her flowers. He sent flowers to her.
He gave me the money. He gave the money to me.
´ÖÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¤¬to¤Ç¸À¤¤¤«¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¼øÍ¿Æ°»ì¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¼õ¿È¤Îʸ¤¬£²¤Ä¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
for¤Ç¸À¤¤¤«¤¨¤é¤ì¤ëʸ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Ä¾ÀÜÌÜŪ¸ì¤ò¼ç¸ì¤È¤·¤¿¼õ¿È¤Îʸ¤Î¤ß¤Æ¤¤ë¡£
¶çÆ°»ì pharase verb ¤È¤Ï
Æó¤Ä°Ê¾å¤Î¸ì¤¬¤Þ¤È¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ£±¸ì¤ÎÆ°»ì¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊƯ¤¤ò¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¡£ÉáÄÌ¡¢Æ°»ì¤Ë
Éû»ì¡§ down, off, out, up
Á°Ãֻ졧 at, for, with
¤¬·ë¤ÓÉÕ¤¤¤Æ£±¸ì¤ÎÆ°»ì¤ÈƱ¤¸Æ¯¤¤ò¤¹¤ë¡£Æü¾ïŪ¤Êɽ¸½¤Ç¤è¤¯ÍѤ¤¤ë¡£
ÆâÉô¹½À®¤«¤é£²·¿¤ËʬÎà¡£
A¡ÖÆ°»ì¡ÜÉû»ì¡Ê¡ÜÁ°ÃÖ»ì¡Ë¡×¤Î·¿
1¡¥¡ã¼«Æ°»ì¡ÜÉû¡ä¡§ come out¡Êºé¤¯¡Ë
2¡¥¡ã¼«Æ°»ì¡ÜÉû¡ä¡§ take off ¡Ê椰¡Ë
3¡¥¡ã¼«Æ°»ì¡ÜÉû¡ÜÁ°¡ä¡§ put up with (..¤ò²æËý¤¹¤ë) ¡û¾ư»ì¤È¸«¤Ê¤¹
B¡ÖÆ°»ì¡Ü¡ÜÁ°ÃÖ»ì¡×¤Î·¿
4¡¥¡ã¼«Æ°»ì¡ÜÁ°¡ä¡§ look for ¡Ê...¤òÁܤ¹¡Ë ¡û¾ư»ì¤È¸«¤Ê¤¹
5¡¥¡ã¾ư»ì¡ÜÁ°¡ä¡§ take ...for¡Á¡Ê...¤ò¡Á¤À¤È»×¤¦¡Ë
Æ°»ì¤ÈÉû»ì¤Î·ë¹ç
¡ÊÆ°»ì¡Ëbreak, bring ,call, carry, come, cut, do, draw, fall, find, fix,
get,give, go, hand, have, hold, keep, knock, lay, leave, let, look, make,
move, pass, pay, pick, play, pull, push, put, run, see, send, set, shut,
sit, stand, stick,take, think, throw, turn, work, write
¡ÊÉû»ì¡Ëabout, across, along, around, aside, away, back, behind, by, down,
forth, forward, in, off, on, out, over, round, through, togrther, under,
up
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She looked after him [his father].¡ÊÈà½÷¤ÏÈà¡ÖÈà¤ÎÉã¡×¤ÎÀ¤Ïäò¤·
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His father was looked after by a nurse.
should/ought/must may/might would/could
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He should spend more time on his homework.
He ought to spend more on his homework.
You should not smoke so much.
You ought not to smoke so much.
"should/ought" ¤Ï¡¢¾¯¡¹ÈÝÄêŪ·¹¸þ¡Ênegative force ¡Ë¤ò¤â¤Ä¡§ ¤Ò¤È¤Ï¡¢¤¢
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You should have sent them a telegram (but you did not).
I should have studied before my examinaiton (but I did not)
You ought not to have said that to him.
MAY (Present Form)
½õÆ°»ì "may" ¤Ï£²¤Ä¤Î°Û¤Ê¤ë°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
(1) µö²Ä¤òɽ¤ï¤¹¡£
You may smoke here. (i.e. You have smoke here.)
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tion)¡×¤ò
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He may leave tomorrow.
(i.e. It is possible that he will leave tomorow.)
MUST HAVE / MAY HAVE (Past Form)
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"may have" ¤Ï¡¢Ã±¤Ê¤ë²ÄǽÀ (possiblity) ¤òɽ¤ï¤¹¡£
Mr. Reese must have gone home.
(That is, it is probable or seems clear that he has gone home.)
His office is locked.
Mr. Reese may have gone home.
(That is, it is possible that he has gone home .)
His office is locked.
Éû»ì adverb
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She ran fast. Èà½÷¤Ï®¤¯Áö¤Ã¤¿
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He was a wondefully good speaker. Èà¤Ï¼Â¤ËΩÇɤÊÏä·¼ê¤À¤Ã¤¿
The scenery is very beautiful. ¤½¤Î·Ê¿§¤Ï¤È¤Æ¤âÈþ¤·¤¤
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He spoke wonderfully well. Èà¤ÏÁÇÀ²¤é¤·¤¯¾å¼ê¤ËÏä·¤¿
ʸÁ´ÂΤò½¤¾þ ¡§
The car is going very fast.¼«Æ°¼Ö¤Ï¤È¤Æ¤â®¤¯Áö¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë
Unfortunately, he died a year later. ÉÔ¹¬¤Ë¤âÈà¤Ï£±Ç¯¸å¤Ë»à¤ó¤À
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would, should, could, might: ¸½ºß·Á¤È¸«¤ë¡£
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If I am late, I will call you. ÃÙ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤é¡¢ÅÅÏ乤롣
If John has a car next sunner, he will drive to California.
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If I will be late, I will call you ÃÙ¤ì¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢ÅÅÏ乤ë
We shall be most pleased if you will accept our invitation
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Present-Unreal ¾ò·ï¡§ (²¾ÄêË¡²áµî)
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If Jhon studied hard, he would pass his examination.
If Mary knew how to swim, she would go to the beach every day.
John ¤Ï°ìÀ¸·üÌ¿¤ËÊÙ¶¯¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤â¤·²áµî¤Ë°ìÀ¸·üÌ¿ÊÙ¶¯¤·¤¿¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢
»î¸³¤Ë¼õ¤«¤Ã¤¿¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£¼õ¤«¤é¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤¤¤ë¡£
Mary ¤Ï±Ë¤®Êý¤òÃΤé¤Ê¤¤¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢Èà½÷¤¬±Ë¤®¤òÃΤäƤ¤¤¿¤é¡¢ËèÆü¡¢³¤´ß¤Ë
¹Ô¤¯¤À¤¢¤í¤¦¡£¹Ô¤«¤Ê¤¤¡£
Æ°»ì "be" ¤Î¤È¤¡¢ÆÃÊÌ·Á "were" ¤ò¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Î "if" Àá¤Ë»È¤¦¡£
You should scold the children, if you were there.
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ľÀâË¡¡§You could scold the children, if you are there. ¡Ê¼¡ÊÇ»²¾È¡Ë
µï¤ë¤Ê¤é¡¢¤ª¤³¤ë¤Ù¤¤À¡£
Present-Possible ¾ò·ï ¡ÊľÀâË¡¸½ºß¡Ë
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¡Ö"if" Àá¡×¤Ç¸½ºß·Á¤ò»È¤¦¡£
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Even if it is¡Ê the artifact ¡Ë, it's a benefical one.
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And if the effect does hold up, it could offer insights into how
our brains might "feel" the unseen magnetic fields that surround us.
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Past-Unreal ¾ò·ï¡§¡Ê²¾ÄêË¡²áµî´°Î»¡Ë
¡Ö¼çÀá¡×¤Ë would have (should have, could have, might have) ¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¡£
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¡Ê"present-unreal ¾ò·ï¤ÈƱ¤¸¡Ë¡£
If I had known Helen's number, I would have called her.
If John had had the time yesterday, he would have gone with us.
»ä¤Ï Helen ¤ÎÅÅÏÃÈÖ¹æ¤òÃΤé¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤â¤·ÃΤäƤ¤¤¿¤é¡¢ÅÅÏäò
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John ¤ÏºòÆü²Ë¤Ç¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤â¤·²Ë¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤Ê¤é²æ¡¹¤È¹Ô¤Ã¤¿¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡£
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Because I did not know Helen's number, I could not call her.
If John had the time yesterday, he would go with us.
Present Tense After IF, WHEN, UNTIL, Etc.
futuer-possible ¾ò·ï¤Ç¤Î¡Öif Àá¡×¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Ì¤Íè¤Î¹ÔÆ°¤Ê¤Î¤Ë¸½ºß·Á¤ò»È¤¦¡£
If Henry comes, I will tell him about it.
ƱÍͤˡ¢Àܳ»ì until, when, as soon as, before, unless, as long as,
while ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÉûÀ᤬Ƴ¤«¤ì¤ë»þ¡¢ÉûÀáÆâ¤Î¹ÔÆ°¤¬Ì¤Íè¤ËÀ¸¤¸¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤â¡¢¸½
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If Henry comes(not will come), I will tell him about it.
When Henry comes (not will come), I will tell him about it.
As soon as Henry comes, I will tell him about it.
I will wait here until Henry comes.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER WISH
Æ°»ì "wish" ¤Ï¡¢Ä̾¡ÖËÜÅö¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¡×¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¡Ö»ö¼Â¤ËÈ¿¤¹¤ë¡×¾õ¶· ¤ò¼¨¤¹¡£
¤½¤ì¤Ç¡¢²¾ÄêÂÖ¤ÈƱÅù¤ÎÂÖ ¤òȼ¤¦¡£
¤½¤ì¤Ç¡¢"unreal" ¾ò·ï»þ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¸½ºß¤Î¹ÔÆ°¤ò¼¨¤¹¤Î¤Ë²áµî·Á¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¡£²á
µî¤Î¹ÔÆ°¤ò¼¨¤¹¤Î¤Ë²áµî´°Î»¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¡£
I wish it would stop raining.(Future)
I wish john were here now.(Present)
I wish I had known about this yesterday.(Past)
wish ¤ÎÆÃÊÌÍÑË¡¡§
I wish you would...................
I wish you wouldn't ................
¤³¤ì¤é¤Î·¿¤Ï¡¢¹ÔÆ°¤ò¡Ö»ß¤á¤ë¡¿»Ï¤á¤ë¡×¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢ÃúÇ«¤ÊÌ¿Îá¤òÍ¿¤¨¤ë¼êÃʤÈ
¤·¤Æ»È¤¦¡£
I wish you'd wait for me.
I wish you wouldn't make so much noise.
III. ʸ¡§ Àµ½ñË¡¡¿¶çÆÉÅÀ
PUNCTUATION¡§ ¥³¥ó¥Þ
"non-restrictive" Àá ¤ò¶èÀÚ¤ë¤Î¤Ë¥³¥ó¥Þ¤ò¤Ä¤«¤¨¡£
"non-restrictive" Àá¤È¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ÎÀ᤬½¤¾þ¤¹¤ëñ¸ì¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ°ÕµÁ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï³Îǧ
¤ÎɬÍפ¬Ìµ¤¤Àá¡£´¹¸À¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¢¤½¤ì¤Ï´Ý³ç¸ÌÆâ¤Ë¤¤¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ëÀá¡£
"restrictive" Àá¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¶çÆÉÅÀ¤Ï¤¤¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£
(Non-restrictive) Dr. Smith, who is clever, makes much money.
(Restrictive) Any doctor who is clever makes much money.
(Non-restrictive) Chicago, where we met, was then a pretty
little town.
(Restrictive) The place where we met was a pretty little town.
PUNCTUATION¡§ ¥³¥ó¥Þ
Ï¢¤Ê¤ë¸ì¡¢¶ç¤òÎ¥¤¹¤¿¤á¤Ë¥³¥ó¥Þ¤ò¤Ä¤«¤¨¡£
We need books, pencils, chairs, and desks.
We played tennis, took long walks, went swimming.
¥Ç¡¼¥¿¡¢½»½ê¡¢ÃÏÍýŪ¤Ê¹àÌܤò»ÅÀÚ¤ë¤Î¤Ë¥³¥ó¥Þ¤ò»È¤¨¡£
He lives in Chicago, Illinois.
It happened on Tuesday, November 27,1940.
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He was, to be sure, an excellent diplomat.
And so, My Friends, you can see the results.
John Smith, our butcher, was hurt recently.
PUNCTUATION¡§ ¥³¥ó¥Þ
Ť¤Éû»ì¶ç¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢¤½¤ì¤¬¼çÀá¤ÎÁ°¤Ë¤¢¤ë»þ¡¢Î¾¼Ô¤ò»ÅÀÚ¤¿¤á¥³¥ó¥Þ¤ò¤Ä¤«¤¨¡£
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¶çÆÉÅÀ¤ÏÉÔɬÍס£)
When the wind began to blow so hard, we ran for shelter.
He said that, if the rain continued much longer, we might have
to postpone our trip.
¤·¤«¤·¡¢
He said that we might have to postpone our trip if the rain
continued much longer.
ÆÈΩ¶ç absolute phrases¤ò»ÅÀÚ¤ë¤È¤¥³¥ó¥Þ¤ò¤Ä¤«¤¨¡£ÆÈΩ¶ç¤È¤Ï¡¢Ì¾»ì¤È
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The rain having stopped, we decided to continue our trip.
by, but Åù¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ·Ò¤¬¤Ã¤¿ÆÈΩ¤ÎÀá¤òʬΥ¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ë¥³¥ó¥Þ¤ò¤Ä¤«¤¨¡£(Èó¾ï¤Ë
û¤¤Àá¤Ï¤Î¤¾¤¯)¡£
In the North there are many wheat fields,
but in the South cotton fields predominate.
We had great trouble in reaching him, but at last he answered.
À᤬ by, and, but, or ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ·Ò¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢°ÕÌ£¤¬´Ø·¸¤·¤Æ¤¤
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In the North there are many wheat fields;
in the South cotton fields predominate.
We had great trouble in reaching him;
at last, however, he answered.